A systematic literature review on factors of socio-environmental vulnerability associated with water-borne diseases.

INTRODUCTION: Diarrhoeas, acute gastroenteritis with moderate dehydration, malaria and cholera are water-borne diseases with a high incidence in childhood and are one of the principal causes of morbidity and mortality in children under the age of 5 years, and predominantly so in developing countries. Various factors influence the population's vulnerability to these diseases. The objective of this work was to identify the factors of socio-environmental vulnerability associated with the occurrence of water-borne diseases (diarrhoeas, acute gastroenteritis with moderate dehydration, malaria and cholera). METHODOLOGY: A systematic review of the literature was performed, with the databases PubMed, Scopus, B-On and Scielo to identify studies published between 2010 and 2021. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the most significant factors related to vulnerability to water-borne diseases have to do with sanitation and the availability of clean drinking water; however, temperature and precipitation were also found to exert considerable influence, together with the demographic factor.

Socio-Environmental Vulnerability Index: An Application to Rio de Janeiro-Brazil.

Objectives: The concept of vulnerability has been used more frequently in several studies, in an attempt to better understand the specificities and needs of different population groups, both in environmental and socio-economical terms. The aim of this study is to identify, characterize and analyze populations in situations of socio-environmental vulnerability in the city of Rio de Janeiro, based on social, economic, environmental and public health indicators organized into a summary index - the Socio-Environmental Vulnerability Index. Methods: The methodology integrated 15 indicators in a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis into a Geographic Information System. Results: According to our results, socio-environmental vulnerability in Rio de Janeiro is aggravated by at-risk situations and environmental degradation. These aspects are jeopardized by the population density in slum areas, where the most disadvantaged groups live in a process of environmental and urban exclusion. Conclusion: The study concludes about the importance of these tools in guiding resource allocation and their contribution to formulating and implementing more effective public policies.

Vulnerabilidade socioambiental e saúde em escolas no contexto do agronegócio / Socio-environmental vulnerability and health in schools in the context of agribusiness

Resumo Neste estudo buscou-se compreender como estudantes de escolas rurais e urbanas identificam elementos da vulnerabilidade socioambiental no espaço escolar, no contexto do agronegócio, nos municípios de Campo Novo do Parecis, Sapezal e Campos de Júlio, localizados no estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil. Realizou-se um mapeamento participativo por meio do desenho dos processos e elementos destrutivos e protetores da vida no espaço escolar. Os processos e elementos protetores mais citados foram a escola, as árvores e as atividades agrícolas próximas às escolas, pela produção de cereais e algodão e a geração de empregos. Entretanto, a pulverização de agrotóxicos nas áreas de plantio próximas às escolas foi o processo destrutivo elencado de forma predominante nos mapas. Esses elementos compõem as relações e os processos de vulnerabilização socioambiental dos estudantes e das populações envolvidas nessas escolas. As facetas contraditórias (protetoras e destrutivas) evidenciadas sobre a produção agrícola demonstram uma dinâmica política de disputa da narrativa sobre o impacto sócio-sanitário-ambiental positivo e negativo do agronegócio e do uso de agrotóxicos. A construção dos mapas mostrou ser uma ferramenta que pode contribuir para o reconhecimento das vulnerabilidades socioambientais e potencializar a participação popular no processo de vigilância em saúde e ambiente.

Abstract This study sought to understand how students from rural and urban schools identify elements of socio-environmental vulnerability in the school environment, in the context of agribusiness, in the cities of Campo Novo do Parecis, Sapezal and Campos de Júlio, Mato Grosso, Brazil. A participatory mapping was conducted by the design of processes and protective and destructive elements to life in the school environment. The most cited processes and protective elements were school, trees and agricultural activities near schools, the production of cereals and cotton, and the generation of jobs. However, the spraying of pesticides in the plantation areas near the schools was the destructive process predominantly listed. These elements make up the relationships and processes of social and environmental vulnerability of the students and the populations involved in these schools. The contradictory facets (protective and destructive) evidenced on agricultural production demonstrate a political dynamics of dispute of the narrative about the positive socio-sanitary-environmental impact of agribusiness and the use of pesticides. The construction of the maps has proved to be a tool that can contribute to the recognition of socio-environmental vulnerabilities and enhance the participation of the people in the surveillance process in health and environment.

Socio-Environmental Vulnerability Mapping for Environmental and Flood Resilience Assessment: The Case of Ageing and Poverty in the City of Wroclaw, Poland.

The phenomena of urbanization and climate change interact with the growing number of older people living in cities. One of the effects of climate change is an increased riverine flooding hazard, and when floods occur this has a severe impact on human lives and comes with vast economic losses. Flood resilience management procedures should be supported by a combination of complex social and environmental vulnerability assessments. Therefore, new methodologies and tools should be developed for this purpose. One way to achieve such inclusive procedures is by incorporating a social vulnerability evaluation methodology for environmental and flood resilience assessment. These are illustrated for application in the Polish city of Wroclaw. Socio-environmental vulnerability mapping, based on spatial analyses using the poverty risk index, data on the ageing population, as well as the distribution of the areas vulnerable to floods, was conducted with use of a location intelligence system combining Geographic Information System (GIS) and Business Intelligence (BI) tools. The new methodology allows for the identification of areas populated by social groups that are particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of flooding. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:592-597. © 2018 SETAC.

Spatial Variability of Geriatric Depression Risk in a High-Density City: A Data-Driven Socio-Environmental Vulnerability Mapping Approach.

Previous studies found a relationship between geriatric depression and social deprivation. However, most studies did not include environmental factors in the statistical models, introducing a bias to estimate geriatric depression risk because the urban environment was found to have significant associations with mental health. We developed a cross-sectional study with a binomial logistic regression to examine the geriatric depression risk of a high-density city based on five social vulnerability factors and four environmental measures. We constructed a socio-environmental vulnerability index by including the significant variables to map the geriatric depression risk in Hong Kong, a high-density city characterized by compact urban environment and high-rise buildings. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of the variables were significantly different, indicating that both social and environmental variables should be included as confounding factors. For the comprehensive model controlled by all confounding factors, older adults who were of lower education had the highest geriatric depression risks (OR: 1.60 (1.21, 2.12)). Higher percentage of residential area and greater variation in building height within the neighborhood also contributed to geriatric depression risk in Hong Kong, while average building height had negative association with geriatric depression risk. In addition, the socio-environmental vulnerability index showed that higher scores were associated with higher geriatric depression risk at neighborhood scale. The results of mapping and cross-section model suggested that geriatric depression risk was associated with a compact living environment with low socio-economic conditions in historical urban areas in Hong Kong. In conclusion, our study found a significant difference in geriatric depression risk between unadjusted and adjusted models, suggesting the importance of including environmental factors in estimating geriatric depression risk. We also developed a framework to map geriatric depression risk across a city, which can be used for identifying neighborhoods with higher risk for public health surveillance and sustainable urban planning.

Indicador de vulnerabilidade socioambiental na Amazônia Ocidental. O caso do município de Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil / Indicator of socio-environmental vulnerability in the Western Amazon. The case of the city of Porto Velho, State of Rondônia, Brazil

O acelerado processo de urbanização na Amazônia associado às mudanças no padrão de exploração dos recursos naturais resultou em vários tipos de impactos ambientais, tal como a poluição do ar urbano produzido pelo incêndio florestal que altera a relação entre as áreas urbana e rural e reconfigura novas vulnerabilidades. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a vulnerabilidade socioambiental em relação às queimadas e aos efeitos a saúde na área urbana do município de Porto Velho, região amazônica brasileira. Para tanto, utiliza como método a construção de um indicador síntese, que conjugou a dimensão social, de infraestrutura habitacional, exposição ambiental e de saúde. Dentre os resultados, destaca-se que 51% da população residente, 157 mil habitantes, estão sob condições de extrema e alta vulnerabilidade socioambiental. Ao final, discute-se que a análise integrada das dimensões estudadas permitiu identificar importante heterogeneidade em termos de vulnerabilidade socioambiental às queimadas no interior da área urbana de Porto Velho, apontando para a necessidade de ações integradas de diferentes setores governamentais de forma a potencializar a promoção da saúde, a sustentabilidade ecológica e a redução das iniquidades sociais em saúde.

The accelerated process of urbanization in the State of Amazônia associated with changes in the patterns of exploitation of natural resources have resulted in several types of environmental impacts, such as urban air pollution produced by forest fires which alters the relationship between urban and rural areas and establishes new vulnerabilities. The scope of this study is to analyze the socio-environmental vulnerability in relation to forest fires and health effects in the urban area of Porto Velho, located in the Brazilian Amazon region. Data was analyzed using a synthetic indicator combining income and education aspects, housing infrastructure, environmental exposure and health effects. The findings indicate that 51% of the resident population, i.e. around 157,000 inhabitants, is exposed to conditions of high and extreme environmental vulnerability. Analysis of the dimensions used to construct the synthetic indicator reveals an intense heterogeneity in terms of socio-environmental vulnerability in the urban area of the city of Porto Velho. These results highlight the need for integrated actions from different government departments in order to enhance health promotion, ecological sustainability and also reduce social inequalities in health.

Análise da vulnerabilidade socioambiental em Cubatão-SP por meio da integração de dados sociodemográficos e ambientais em escala intraurbana / Analysis of socio-environmental vulnerability in Cubatão, SP, Brazil, through the integration of socio-demographic and environmental data at the intra-urban scale / Análisis de la vulnerabilidad socioambiental en Cubatão-São Paulo por medio de la integración de datos sociodemográficos y ambientales a escala intraurbana

"População, pobreza e poluição em Cubatão, São Paulo", de autoria do Prof. Dr. Daniel Hogan, em 1993, foi um dos artigos do primeiro livro do GT População e Meio Ambiente da Abep. Após quase 20 anos da publicação do livro e do artigo, a intenção do presente trabalho é fazer uma nova análise do município de Cubatão-SP, utilizando os resultados do Censo 2010, a partir de alguns conceitos e metodologias presentes no debate atual sobre população, espaço e meio ambiente, os quais são tributários das contribuições do saudoso Daniel Hogan. Neste sentido, o objetivo geral deste estudo é operacionalizar empiricamente o conceito de vulnerabilidade socioambiental, por meio da construção de indicadores socioambientais, com integração de dados socioeconômicos e demográficos do Censo 2010 do IBGE e de dados que representem áreas de risco ambiental, com o uso de métodos de geoprocessamento e análise espacial de cartografias digitais, para análise de situações de vulnerabilidade socioambiental em escala intraurbana no município de Cubatão. Os resultados revelam a existência de intensa concentração e sobreposição espacial de situações de suscetibilidade/pobreza e de exposição a risco ambiental em determinadas áreas do município. Portanto, tendo como referência o artigo pioneiro de Daniel Hogan, este trabalho pretende contribuir com o desenvolvimento de metodologias de integração de dados sociodemográficos e ambientais para análise de situações de vulnerabilidade socioambiental em escala intraurbana, as quais devem ser parte importante da agenda de pesquisa do Grupo de Trabalho População, Espaço e Ambiente, da Associação Brasileira de Estudos Populacionais (Abep).

The paper "Population, poverty and pollution in Cubatão, São Paulo" (1993), by Dr. Daniel Hogan, was published in the first book written by the Working Group on Population and Environment, of the Brazilian Association of Population Studies (ABEP). Twenty years have gone by since the book and paper were published, and this text is now presented as an updated analysis of the coastal municipality of Cubatão, in the State of São Paulo. It uses results from the Brazilian 2010 Census and is based on concepts and methodologies currently present in the debate on Population, Space and Environment, which are tributaries of Dr. Hogan's contributions. The major objective of the paper is to empirically operationalize the concept of socio-environmental vulnerability by constructing social and environmental indicators. In the process, socioeconomic and demographic data from the IBGE 2010 Census is used, as well as data on areas of environmental risk. GIS and spatial analysis methods are used to analyze situations of socio-environmental vulnerability on an intra-urban scale in the municipality of Cubatão. The results show the existence of intense concentration and spatial overlapping of situations of susceptibility, poverty and exposure to environmental risk in certain areas of the municipality. With reference to Daniel Hogan's seminal article, this paper aims to contribute to the development of methodologies for integrating socio-demographic and environmental data in analyses of situations of socio-environmental vulnerability at the intra-urban scale. This approach should be an important part of the research agenda of the Working Group on Population, Space and Environment, of the Brazilian Association of Population Studies (Abep).

"População, pobreza e poluição em Cubatão, São Paulo", de 1993, de autoría del Prof. Dr. Daniel Hogan, fue uno de los artículos del primer libro del Grupo de Trabajo Población y Medio Ambiente de Abep. Casi veinte años después de la publicación del libro y del artículo, la intención del presente trabajo es efectuar un nuevo análisis del municipio de Cubatão-São Paulo, utilizando los resultados del Censo 2010, a partir de algunos conceptos y metodologías presentes en el actual debate sobre población, espacio y medio ambiente, que son tributarios de las contribuciones del añorado Daniel Hogan. En este sentido, el objetivo general del presente estudio es operativizar empíricamente el concepto de vulnerabilidad socioambiental por intermedio de la construcción de indicadores socioambientales, con integración de datos socioeconómicos y demográficos del Censo 2010 del IBGE y de datos que representan áreas de riesgo ambiental, con el uso de métodos de geoprocesamiento y análisis espacial de cartografías digitales, para analizar situaciones de vulnerabilidad socioambiental a escala intraurbana en el municipio de Cubatão. Los resultados revelan la existencia de intensa concentración y superposición espacial de situaciones de susceptibilidad/pobreza y de exposición al riesgo ambiental en determinadas áreas del municipio. Por lo tanto, teniendo como referencia el artículo pionero de Daniel Hogan, este trabajo pretende contribuir con el desarrollo de metodologías de integración de datos sociodemográficos y ambientales para analizar situaciones de vulnerabilidad socioambiental a escala intraurbana, las cuales deben ser parte importante de la agenda de investigación del Grupo de Trabajo Población, Espacio y Ambiente, de la Associação Brasileira de Estudos Populacionais (Abep).

Vulnerabilidade socioambiental, redução de riscos de desastres e construção da resiliência: lições do terremoto no Haiti e das chuvas fortes na Região Serrana, Brasil / Socio-environmental vulnerability, disaster risk-reduction and resilience-building: lessons from the earthquake in Haiti and torrential rains in the mountain range close to Rio de Janeiro in Brazil

Dados sobre desastres no mundo apontam para uma maior gravidade nos países com menores níveis de desenvolvimento econômico e social. Neste contexto, políticas de redução de riscos de desastres e construção da resiliência constituem prioridades na agenda do desenvolvimento sustentável, estando entre os temas eleitos para a Rio+20. O objetivo deste artigo é, através de uma contribuição de natureza conceitual e dos exemplos de desastres em países com níveis de desenvolvimento diferentes, o terremoto do Haiti e as chuvas fortes na Região Serrana (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil), demonstrar como a vulnerabilidade socioambiental cria condições para os desastres, ao mesmo tempo em que limita as estratégias para prevenção e mitigação. Ao final são apontados alguns dos desafios que a redução de riscos de desastres e a construção da resiliência exigem em contextos de vulnerabilidade socioambiental, o que inclui mudanças nos padrões de desenvolvimento social, econômico e ambiental orientados para a sustentabilidade ecológica e a justiça social como pilares do desenvolvimento sustentável.

Data on disasters around the world reveal greater seriousness in countries with lower social and economic development levels. In this context, disaster risk-reduction and resilience-building policies are priorities in the sustainable development agenda, featuring among the topics selected for the Rio+20 Summit. By means of a contribution of a conceptual nature and from examples of disasters in countries with different development levels, namely the Haiti earthquake and the torrential rains in the mountain range close to Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, the scope of this article is to demonstrate how socio-environmental vulnerability creates conditions for disasters, while at the same time limiting strategies for their prevention and mitigation. Lastly, some of the measures that disaster risk reduction and resilience-building demand in a socio-environmental vulnerability context are highlighted. These involve changes in the current patterns of social, economic and environmental development geared toward ecological sustainability and social justice as pillars of sustainable development.